دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی اختراع بیوتکنولوژی در کشورهای BRICS: استراتژی ها و دینامیک - الزویر 2018

عنوان فارسی
اختراع بیوتکنولوژی در کشورهای BRICS: استراتژی ها و دینامیک
عنوان انگلیسی
Biotechnology Patenting in the BRICS Countries: Strategies and Dynamics
صفحات مقاله فارسی
0
صفحات مقاله انگلیسی
4
سال انتشار
2018
نشریه
الزویر - Elsevier
فرمت مقاله انگلیسی
PDF
نوع مقاله
ISI
نوع نگارش
Mini review
رفرنس
دارد
پایگاه
اسکوپوس
کد محصول
E9576
رشته های مرتبط با این مقاله
مهندسی صنایع، بیوتکنولوژی
مجله
روندها در بیوتکنولوژی - Trends in Biotechnology
دانشگاه
National Research University Higher School of Economics - Moscow - Russia
doi یا شناسه دیجیتال
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.11.008
بخشی از متن مقاله

Dynamics of BRICS Patent Activity in Biotechnology


Biotechnology patent applications filed by the BRICS countries have increased rapidly over the last two decades (Figure 1). This tremendous growth has resulted in the BRICS countries accounting for 25% of biotechnology-related patent applications worldwide in 2014. While the BRICS countries have all increased activity in biotechnology patenting, they differ in consistency, growth rate, and the underlying factors. In 1994, China was the 16th ranked country in terms of the number of patent applications filed by its residents. As of 2017, it is ranked 2nd globally and the most active of the BRICS group. The biggest factor in this increase is a strong incentive for Chinese researchers to patent: the country’s higher education system uses patents as one of the indicators of individual and organizational R&D performance. As domestic patents are easier to obtain than academic publications in highimpact journals, filing domestic applications is a sensible tactic for many Chinese academics [8,9]. The presence of biotechnology patents registered by Chinese firms is obscured by the tremendous activity by academic researchers from numerous Chinese universities. Brazil and India have also had rapid growth in biotechnology patent activity but are still far from being among the global top 10. Russia and South Africa have experienced less rapid growth recently, but Russia is in the 2nd position among the BRICS countries.


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