ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
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ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
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Dynamics of BRICS Patent Activity in Biotechnology
Biotechnology patent applications filed by the BRICS countries have increased rapidly over the last two decades (Figure 1). This tremendous growth has resulted in the BRICS countries accounting for 25% of biotechnology-related patent applications worldwide in 2014. While the BRICS countries have all increased activity in biotechnology patenting, they differ in consistency, growth rate, and the underlying factors. In 1994, China was the 16th ranked country in terms of the number of patent applications filed by its residents. As of 2017, it is ranked 2nd globally and the most active of the BRICS group. The biggest factor in this increase is a strong incentive for Chinese researchers to patent: the country’s higher education system uses patents as one of the indicators of individual and organizational R&D performance. As domestic patents are easier to obtain than academic publications in highimpact journals, filing domestic applications is a sensible tactic for many Chinese academics [8,9]. The presence of biotechnology patents registered by Chinese firms is obscured by the tremendous activity by academic researchers from numerous Chinese universities. Brazil and India have also had rapid growth in biotechnology patent activity but are still far from being among the global top 10. Russia and South Africa have experienced less rapid growth recently, but Russia is in the 2nd position among the BRICS countries.