دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی تجزیه و تحلیل رسوب گرد و غبار بر روی اتاقک های فتوولتاییک - اشپرینگر 2018

Abstract

Solid particles impair the performance of the photovoltaic (PV) modules. This results in power losses which lower the efficiency of the system as well as the increases of temperature which additionally decreases the performance and lifetime. The deposited dust chemical composition, concentration and formation of a dust layer on the PV surface differ significantly in reference to time and location. In this study, an evaluation of dust deposition on the PV front cover glass during the non-heating season in one of the most polluted European cities, Kraków, was performed. The time-dependent particle deposition and its correlation to the air pollution with particulate matter were analysed. Dust deposited on several identical PV modules during variable exposure periods (from 1 day up to 1 week) and the samples of total suspended particles (TSP) on quartz fibre filters using a low volume sampler were collected during the non-heating season in the period of 5 weeks. The concentration of TSP in the study period ranged between 12.5 and 60.05 μg m−3 while the concentration of PM10 observed in the Voivodeship Inspectorate of Environmental Protection traffic station, located 1.2 km from the TSP sampler, ranged from 14 to 47 μg m−3 . It was revealed that dust deposition density on a PV surface ranged from 7.5 to 42.1 mg m−2 for exposure periods of 1 day while the measured weekly dust deposition densities ranged from 25.8 to 277.0 mg m−2 . The precipitation volume and its intensity as well as humidity significantly influence the deposited dust. The rate of dust accumulation reaches approximately 40 mg m−2 day−1 in the no-precipitation period and it was at least two times higher than fluxes calculated on the basis of PM10 and TSP concentrations which suggest that additional forces such as electrostatic forces significantly influence dust deposition.

Conclusions

Many environmental parameters affect the energy production from photovoltaic modules and dust could be one of the main reasons for its degradation. The dust, which represents a mixture of different pollutants, is determined by the geographical site. Important ambient conditions that affect dust characteristics are variation in wind velocity, direction and magnitude, humidity, rain amount and instantaneous intensity and seasonal variations. Due to the fact that they are systematically studied in various locations of the Earth, the PV dust accumulation phenomena can be better understood and addressed. This study was performed in order to investigate the natural dust accumulation process on the front cover glass of PV modules during the non-heating season in one of the most polluted European cities, Kraków, in different meteorological conditions. The time-dependent particle deposition and their correlation to the air pollution with particulate matter were analysed. The data contained in this paper will be useful for prediction of dust deposition on the basis of environmental conditions which are of interest to system developers and operators.