Abstract
This paper aims to reexamine the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP) using a panel dataset of Chinese listed firms. Previous studies obtained divergent empirical evidence on the CSR-CFP relationship due to unclear, incomplete, or inappropriate consideration of endogeneity issues. By introducing a Heckman-2SLS model, we comprehensively address the main endogeneity problems (i.e., sample selection bias, reverse causality, and unobserved heterogeneity) simultaneously within the CSR-CFP relationship. Results not only indicate a robust CSR-CFP relationship after correcting for endogeneity issues but also serve as a strong case for future investigation and correction of endogeneity issues.
1. Introduction
How corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects corporate financial performance (CFP) has attracted considerable attention in the finance, strategy, and management fields (Brammer and Millington, 2008; Callan and Thomas, 2011; Cuypers et al., 2016; Lev et al., 2010; Surroca et al., 2010; Wang and Qian, 2011). However, the literature on the relationship between CSR and CFP is largely inconclusive. Some scholars have argued that CSR positively affects CFP (Cornett et al., 2016; Cuypers et al., 2016; Rhou et al., 2016), whereas other scholars have reported negative (Chen et al., 2018) or U-shaped (Brammer and Millington, 2008) relationships between the two. We argue that, empirically, one important reason for such inconsistent findings is the inappropriate or incomplete treatment of endogeneity issues.
4. Conclusion
Given the growing interest in and divergent findings of the CSR-CFP relationship, applying a reliable modeling technique that can address different sources of endogeneity is of primary importance. Most studies documented in the literature focus on considering either selection bias or reverse causality, which may lead to biased estimation due to inappropriate and incomplete treatment of mitigating endogeneity issues. By using a sample of Chinese A-share firms, we tested a proposed Heckman-2SLS model and found that corporate charitable giving indeed had a positive and significant impact on a firm’s financial performance during the years 2008–2015. Alternatively, supplementary analyses further validated these results.