دانلود رایگان مقاله نقش کارآفرینی ترکیبی در توضیح ساختار درآمد افراد چند شغله

Abstract

Despite the high prevalence of hybrid entrepreneurs among multiple job holders, research on hybrid entrepreneurship and multiple job holding has largely evolved independently from each other. We take a first step for a fruitful exchange between both research streams by building on hybrid entrepreneurship theories to explain why multiple job holders frequently have higher hourly earnings in their second job compared to their main job. Consistent with these entrepreneurship theories, our empirical analysis, based on the British Household Panel Survey (1991–2008), demonstrates that engaging in self-employment as second job significantly increases the probability of having higher average earnings in this second job, compared to being paid employed in both occupations. Furthermore, we explore the roles of gender and household composition in explaining multiple job holders’ earnings structure.

5. Discussion and conclusion

To advance research on multiple job holding and the role of self-employment (Wu et al., 2009), we demonstrate that multiple job holding with second jobs that deliver higher average earnings than the main job is not unpredictable, but can be explained to some extent by hybrid entrepreneurship. Thereby, our study underlines the relevance of entrepreneurship theories for research on multiple job holding. Current studies might benefit from considering second-job self-employment as important, but distinct form of multiple job holding (e.g. Lalé, 2016). Several opportunities for future research emerge from our study. While earnings of full-time entrepreneurs are well studied in entrepreneurship research, relatively little is known about hybrid entrepreneurs' earnings. Our study provides a first exploratory analysis in this direction, suggesting that many hybrids earn on average more from self-employment than from their main paid employment. This contrasts with the general notion that entrepreneurs earn less than in comparable paid employment (Åstebro and Chen, 2014; Daly, 2015; Hamilton, 2000) and, thereby, opens up further research opportunities on the specifics of hybrid entrepreneurs vis-á-vis full-time entrepreneurs as well as the sources of differences in earnings in self-employment vis-á-vis paid employment.