دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی شدت تکنولوژی صادرات هند و عملکرد اقتصادهای در حال ظهور آسیا - Sage 2018

Abstract

The increasing share of technological-intensive products in the world trade has recognized technology and technological capabilities as a major factor for competitiveness and growth. Notably, the emerging countries are progressively becoming the exporters of the products that are technologically more intensive. Thus, the current study presents an analysis of Indian exports and the performance of emerging Asian economies in terms of technological intensity over the period 1980–2016. The study shows that the exports of all the said emerging economies have a large technological base owing to their significant investments in R&D and open-door policies. While, the figures of India also show a steady though slow technological upgradation from low-tech to medium-tech and high-tech exports but when compared to the standards of these emerging economies, they are low. Thus, in order to increase the technological intensity of its exports, there is a need to invest more in high-tech and medium-tech R&D activities and overcome the technological barriers. There is also a need to devise the policies that would make a favorable environment for attracting more outward-oriented foreign direct investment (FDI).

Conclusion

The exports of all the said emerging economies are found to have a large technological base owing to the significant investments in R&D. Moreover, all these countries are outward oriented, and most of them heavily relied on FDI. Essentially, outward oriented not only means low tariff and nontariff barriers but open to outside ideas and have use exports as a means to force on domestic firms to mend their competencies. The figures of India, when it comes to the intensity of technology in manufacturing exports, also shows a steady though slow technological upgradation from low-tech to medium-tech and high-tech exports but when compared to the standards of these emerging economies, they are quite low. Thus, the performance of India seems good but not impressive. R&D has been cited as a core element in the economic growth of developed countries and it leads lessons for the developing world to build more research know-how. Developing countries like India can attain an increase in productivity by making efficient use of existing knowledge. Hence, for the development, addressing the constraints such as institutions for education, packages of technical skills, network, and capabilities to enable the effective use of existing knowledge is critical. Further, in order to increase the technological intensity of its exports, there is a need to invest more in highand medium-tech R&D activities and overcome the technological barriers. As high-tech-intensive products have a tendency to grow faster and have greater spillover effects on knowledge and skillsintensive activities. There is also a need to devise the policies that would make a favorable environment for attracting more outward-oriented FDI. Because such FDI inflows conduce to accelerate R&D activities by providing much-needed capital, which helps to produce high-tech products within a low-cost local investment environment and increase the export revenue from high-tech goods (Erdal & Göçer, 2015; Zhang, 2014). In addition, India have an incentive to move up the value chain as these emerging Asian economies heavily engaged in exports of high-tech goods.