دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی انرژی خورشیدی در هنگام تولد و طول عمر انسان - الزویر 2018

ABSTRACT

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of UVR at birth and its relationship to lifespan and determine whether there are significant differential effects on sex and race. We test if variation in UVR, as determined by solar cycles (long-term variation), is related to survival as measured by age at death. Methods: The data used 78 million death records from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) from 1979 to 2013 with accidents, suicides, and war casualties deleted resulted in ~63 million records. Records of persons <= 47 years old were also scrubbed because we could not show an effect on lifespan based upon the intensity of solar energy as reflected by sunspot number (SSN). This we hypothesize is due to the protective effect of the hormones associated with growth and reproduction. Also selected were persons afflicted with multiple sclerosis (MS). Results: Males of all races born with a UVR intensity as estimated by sunspot number (SSN) <= 90 had an average lifespan of 74.4 years, for females of all races, 78.1 years; males born with >90 had an average lifespan of 66.3 years, for females of all races, 70.2 years, resulting in a lifespan decrease of 8.1 years for males and 8.5 years for females. For African-American males born <= 90 SSN, 70.8 years and for >90 SSN, 62.5 years, an 8.3-year decrease; similarly, for African-American females <= 90 SSN, 75.0, for >90 SSN, 65.4 years, a 9.6-year decrease. Higher solar energy at birth had an adverse effect on human lifespan. We also found that there were twice as many persons with MS born in >80-90 SSN as in the general population. Conclusions: There is a statistically significant inverse relationship between exposure to solar energy at birth and average human lifespan. Solar energy by some mechanism alters the epigenome at birth, but the effect of higher solar energy becomes apparent after the age of natural selection.

CONCLUSIONS

 Solar energy during gestation and at birth plays a deterministic, disproportionate role in human lifespan. While varying UVR appears to effect growth, development and reproduction, its effect on mortality becomes evident after menopause; e.g., > age 47.  Solar energy, probably UVR, by some mechanism in concert with folate or other photoactive molecules, affects the epigenome, which we postulate programs growth and development; where lower UVR at birth favors autophagy and a longer lifespan through repair of the soma; higher UVR at birth favors the germ line, earlier reproduction, a more active immune system which may induce autoimmune diseases that shorten lifespan.  Those who develop MS are twice as likely to be born exposed to higher solar energy than the general population. This appears to be caused by MS persons having about half the sensitivity to UVR; e. g., half the slope than the general population.  This study supports the notion that epigenetic responsiveness to UVR is an ancient adaptation conserved in most, if not all surface organisms, including humans.