دانلود رایگان مقاله عوامل موثر اجتماعی اقتصادی بر جرم و جنایت در پاکستان

ABSTRACT

Crime appears to be strictly related to the level of education attained and to individuals’ economic and social background. The objective of the study examines multiple factors i.e., education, unemployment, poverty and economic growth which contributed to the rate of crimes in Pakistan during the period of 1972-2011. The study finds a positive relationship between crime rates and unemployment rate in Pakistan. Higher unemployment diminishes the rate of return of legal activities, and is more likely to increase the return of illegal activities. There is a significant negative relationship between the crime rates and the higher education. More education directly induces high earnings of individuals and may increase both the opportunity cost of crimes and the cost of time spent in criminal activity. The study further assesses that GDP per capita leads to higher crime rates in the long-run but to lower rates in the short-run. Higher income shows that there are greater benefits for criminals as for thefts and robberies. Affluent areas attract more criminals due to the opportunities available to them. Finally, there is a positive relationship between the crime rates and poverty in the long-run but there is a negative relationship in the short-run. Poverty may lead to a high level of stress and mental illness which in turn causes individuals to adopt the criminal behavior. The study posits a caution that policy formulation in ameliorating crimes in Pakistan should anchor both social and economic factors.

5. Conclusion

The criminal activities are hibernating day by day in the new millennium. Its basic aim is consistent to die out the social activities, spread over the terror, and kill the nourishing society. The main objective of the study is to examine the factors or socio-economic variables which are more responsible for increasing and decreasing crimes rate in Pakistan. The foremost conclusion of the study induces positive relationship between the crimes rate and the unemployment in both short and long-runs. Higher unemployment diminishes the rate of return of legal activities, and more likely to increase return of illegal activities. Hence unemployment is one of the major contributing factors of the high crime rates in Pakistan. The other outcome is that there is strong, significant and negative relation between the crimes rate and the higher education in short as well as in long-run. The pivotal outcome of the study evaluates that GDP per capita leads to higher crimes rate in long-run but decreases it in short-run. More income means that there are greater benefits for criminals as for thefts and robberies. It means that affluent areas attract more criminals due to the opportunities available to them. The last but not the least conclusion induce a positive relation between the crimes rate and poverty in the long-run but have negative relationship between both the variables in the short-run. In long-run, poverty can lead to high level of stress and mental illness which in turn causes individuals to adopt the criminal behaviour. From the above discussion, it has been acknowledged that socioeconomic factors are more likely to determine all types of crimes in Pakistan. In addition to that, results also suggest a main concern of policies for keeping crimes rate low, as well as a priority of policies for the improvement of economic conditions. In order to reduce the crimes rate, Pakistan government needs to create more job opportunities in urban and rural areas that may reduce the burden of unemployed people from the economy. Besides, the government of Pakistan should alleviate poverty through different projects and programmes and also provide people with different opportunities of skill development. The government should focus on the security sector, notably police and law regulating authorities by enhancing their incentives, allowances and pays so they avoid the bribery and perform their duties efficiently and sincerely. Law regulations and rules regarding crime punishment should be very strict and the implementation of these laws and regulations must be obligatory and very strict. The government of Pakistan should promote education in order to create awareness among people.