Concluding remarks
The fundamental aspect of recent and expected data-based smart city innovations is not ICT, data, or intelligent infrastructure, but the new applications for value creation for stakeholders (e.g., citizens). The use of urban big data contributes to the creation of information for stakeholders to perform their processes better and create value. The main contribution of this paper is the development of knowledge and frameworks for data use for smart cities drawing from this applicationoriented perspective. The proposed classification scheme suggests four reference models to create value for citizens, visitors, local government, and companies using the data obtained from them. There are at least six challenges in transforming urban data into information for smart cities. The proposed five considerations for the collection, management, and analysis of urban data will help address those challenges in implementing the reference models.
