دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی استفاده از متابولومیکس برای بررسی نشناگر های زیستی اعتیاد به مواد مخدر - الزویر 2018

Drug addiction has been associated with an increased risk for cancer, psychological complications, heart, liver, and lung disease, as well as infection. While genes have been identified that can mark individuals at risk for substance abuse, the initiation step of addiction is attributed to persistent metabolic disruptions occurring following the first instance of narcotic drug use. Advances in analytical technologies can enable the detection of thousands of signals in body fluids and excreta that can be used to define biochemical profiles of addiction. Today, these approaches hold promise for determining how exposure to drugs, in the absence or presence of other environmentally relevant factors, can impact human metabolism. We posit that these can lead to candidate biomarkers of drug dependence, treatment, withdrawal, or relapse.

Concluding Remarks

Metabolomics constitutes a powerful approach for revealing the impact of exposure on the overall biochemistry of an individual or system. Establishing the concise relationship between the phenotype and specific drug use is confounded by many types of exposure that an individual can simultaneously experience (e.g., drugs, chemical, nutrition, or stress), and by the impact of these exposures over a lifetime. Thus, studies in animal models and cell systems are critical for controlling experimental conditions and demonstrating links for validation in human cohorts. Important areas for such controlled dose- and time-to-response studies in animal models include using metabolomics to: (i) investigate peripheral metabolites that correlate with biochemical perturbations in the brain caused by opiate receptor binding; (ii) determine the impact of in utero exposure and neonatal exposure to opiates on biochemical processes later in life; (iii) investigate sex differences in response to opiate exposure; (iv) determine the impact of specific nutrient intake concurrent with opiate exposure on addiction-related responses; and (v) reveal the role of opiate receptor binding and metabolism on the gut microbiota (see Outstanding Questions and Box 1) [50,51]. We propose that, if addiction constitutes an overall metabolic disturbance in the organism, interventions that regulate metabolism might be used to treat and/or prevent SUDs. For instance, we recognize that optimum levels of folic acid are important in contributing to healthy pregnancies [52] and combatting the development of cancers, and that both low levels and high levels of folic acid have been associated with increased cancer risks [53,54]. Together, these insights have led us to hypothesize that opiate addiction, and related cancer risks, could be reduced through nutritional interventions, and we propose that extensive studies are warranted to further explore this hypothesis. We anticipate that using metabolomics for the analysis of human biospecimens, from a variety of studies, including the Golestan Cohort, will facilitate the discovery of diagnostic biomarkers and nutritional targets that may aid in intervention strategies to treat substance abuse, addiction, and withdrawal.