دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی تکامل روش ها و افکار در مطالعات انجماد غلات: شرح جو (Hordeum vulgare) - الزویر 2017

Five major cereals such as wheat, rice, maize, barley and sorghum were among the first Neolithic crops that facilitated the establishment of the early agricultural societies. Since then they have remained the staple source of calories for the majority of the human population. Ample archaeological and molecular evidence has provided important insights into the domestication history of cereals but the debates on the origin of cereal crops are still far from resolved. Here, we review the recent advances in applying genome sequencing technologies for deciphering the history of cereal domestication. As a model example, we demonstrate that the evolution of thoughts on barley domestication closely followed the development of views on the rise of agriculture in the Near East in general and greatly accelerated with the advent of the genomic technologies and resources available for barley research.

Concluding remarks and future perspectives

The state-of-the-art genomic resources enabled surveys of genetic diversity in many cereal crops and its wild relatives at the ultimate resolution probing variation at millions of nucleotide positions. Using barley as an example, we demonstrated that with the arrival of more detailed and dense genomic datasets the increasingly complex and reticulate models of domestication history emerged. A similar trend is observed in some other cereal crops [15,16 ]. Genome studies provided compelling evidence that hybridization and introgression played a primary role in the cereal domestication and further adaptation. A highly admixed ancestral population(s)seemed to be a progenitor of modern barley domesticates. In rice, japonica subspecies contributed to the domestication of indica through introgression [15]. The maize landraces from Mexico comprised introgressions from conspecific wild relative Z. mays ssp. mexicana, which putatively led to the adaptation of maize to the highland environments [66,67]. In emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum), phylogenetic evidence suggested reticulate domestication history [68].