دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی حسابداری زیست محیطی مبتنی بر انرژی به سوی مغولستان پایدار - اشپرینگر 2017

Abstract:

An emergy-based environmental accounting of Mongolia is presented based on the data from 1995 to 2012. By calculating natural and economic inputs and a series of emergy indicators, this paper discusses Mongolia’s resource use structure, economic situation, trade status and societal sustainability. The results show that the total emergy use for Mongolia changed from 2.83×1022 sej in 1995 to 4.96×1022 sej in 2012, representing a 75% increase over the 18 years of this study, yet its emergy per capita remains one of the lowest in the world (1.74×1016 sej/capita). The emergy money ratio (EMR) of Mongolia during 1995–2012 decreased from 1.99×1013 sej/USD to 7.75×1012 sej/USD, which indicates that the power of a dollar for purchasing real wealth in Mongolia was declining, while the relatively high absolute values compared to its trading partners and even the world average EMR suggests that Mongolia is continuing a trade disadvantage. Mongolia’s emergy exchange ratio is increasingly less than one to the point that in 2012 the ratio was 0.3 suggesting that the exported emergy was over 3.3 times greater than the imported emergy. The growing dependence on imports and the dramatic increase in exports suggests that Mongolia’s economy is increasingly vulnerable to downturns in the world economy.

4 Conclusions and suggestions

4.1 A word of caution

The findings in this national analysis cannot be compared to national analyses done for other countries in the past by multiplying these results by a simple ratio of the two baselines, for two reasons. First, the UEVs for minerals are significantly different from those used in the past, which also translates into very different UEVs for the metals like steel, aluminum and copper, etc. Second, we have used a UEV for rainfall that is almost 50% lower than the UEV used by Odum (1996) and that is given in the Center for Environmental Policy, Folio 1 (Odum, 2000). The UEV used in the present study was taken from a publication by Brown and Ulgiati (2016). Since rain and the emergy of geopotential (which is computed from rain) are the most important renewable emergy inputs to Mongolia, the fact that their UEVs are about 50% lower makes simple comparison with other national analyses problematic. Add this difference to the different UEV’s for minerals and metals and a simple ratio of baselines is obviously not appropriate.