ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
- مبلغ: ۸۶,۰۰۰ تومان
ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
- مبلغ: ۹۱,۰۰۰ تومان
Technical and allocative inefficiency, failure to reach poverty groups, and poor accountability are defined as the main weaknesses of public hospitals performance especiallyin developing countries (Preker andHarding, 2003).Turning public hospitals into autonomous entities, by reducing the governments’ direct control is claimed to improve allocation andmanagement of public resources andto makethe hospitals more accountable and responsive to the needs of public (Castano et al., 2004). hospitals can be defined as a continuum that covers four organizational modalities: (1) budgetary hospitals: administrative units dependent on a higher authority of a regional or national government; (2) autonomous hospitals: ‘making managers manage’ (Harding and Preker, 2000, p. 14) by granting more responsibility and accountability and exposing hospitals to the market; (3) corporatized hospitals: mimicking the decision-making structure of private corporations while ownership remains with the government; and (4) privatized hospitals, i.e. freestanding organizations owned by private entities (either for or not-for-profit). On the basis of this framework, five organizational elements—see below—are critical in granting diverse levels of autonomy to public hospitals. These are summarized here as: decision rights; market exposure; residual claimant; accountability mechanism; and, the hospital’s social functions. These features should be fit into different organizational reform modalities.