ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
- مبلغ: ۸۶,۰۰۰ تومان
ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
- مبلغ: ۹۱,۰۰۰ تومان
Liquefaction is a phenomenon that transforms an initially solid material into a liquid. Saturated granular soils, such as the seabed, display properties of a solid body, so they can be a good foundation for marine structures. However, under extreme conditions, such as severe storms or seismic excitations, saturated soils behave like a liquid. Structures sink in the liquefied bed, pipelines float out of the ground and coastal landslides take place. These phenomena are described in many publications, see Sumer et al (2007), de Groot et al (2006). It is commonly accepted that liquefaction occurs only in purely granular soils, such as sands. Liquefaction may be caused by either cyclic or monotonic loadings, see Sawicki and Mierczyński (2006). However, it appears that liquefaction may also take place in saturated granular soils with some admixtures of fines. Yamamuro and Covert (2001) report that liquefaction of a seabed composed of sand and silts took place during an earthquake. The practical and theoretical problem is how to assess the liquefaction potential of a given soil. Geotechnical engineers perform large numbers of laboratory experiments, the results of which are sometimes generalized in the form of empirical formulae, see Idriss and Boulanger (2008). To date, this problem has not been resolved in soil mechanics, as there is a great diversity of opinions. According to Park and Kim (2013), these fines can either increase or decrease the liquefaction resistance of granular soils, which further confuses the issue.