ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
- مبلغ: ۸۶,۰۰۰ تومان
ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
- مبلغ: ۹۱,۰۰۰ تومان
This report provides estimates of the economic cost of early retirement due to ill health for ten selected countries, Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa and Turkey. The report considers the combined impact of increasing ageing and chronic disease on the ability to work in the years prior to statutory retirement age. The estimated economic costs of this inability to work are estimated to be in the range 2‐4% of GDP per annum for this group of countries. Chronic disease is generally associated with developed countries. The trends in the health risk factors associated with chronic disease are complex across these countries. Some such as BMI are generally rising, while others such as smoking are generally falling. The Global Burden of Disease study provides a comparable and reasonably reliable measure of the impact of chronic and other disease on morbidity. While chronic disease is high in the high income countries of US and Saudi Arabia, it is also high as measured by the Global Burden of Disease study in the developing and middle income countries included in this report, such as Brazil, India and Turkey. Own country estimates for disability are much lower, suggesting that the level of disability identified by the definitions employed by these countries seriously under reports the impact of ill health on those of approaching retirement age.