ترجمه مقاله اندازه گیری و تشخیص هیدروژن سولفید

INTRODUCTION The impetus for measuring and detecting hydrogen sulfide, H2S, as it relates to the production and distribution of natural gas, is rooted in two primary concerns. The first concern deals with protecting personnel from the lethal effects of H2 S. Typically, the maximum pipeline H2 S concentration is around 0.25 grains per 100 SCF, nominally 4 ppm/volume. At these concentrations H2 S is not lethal and its presence can be detected by the sense of smell with its characteristic rotten egg odor. At the higher lethal H2 S concentrations, typically found at production and acid gas removal installations, the nose becomes desensitized. Unable to smell the H2 S, a worker breathing such an atmosphere is oblivious to the life threatening danger. The second concern deals with preventing hydrogen embrittlement of the natural gas transmission lines. When hydrogen sulfide reacts with the metal in the transmission line to form a metallic sulfide, the released hydrogen is then free to migrate within the molecular structure of the pipe. Transmission lines weakened by embrittlement are susceptible to rupture failure allowing for large clouds of gasses to escape and accumulate in the atmosphere. Not only are such release clouds lethal by the depravation of life sustaining oxygen, a single spark can set off a devastating explosion. Various technologies are available for measuring and detecting H2S. These technologies include on-line continuous analyzers, area monitors, test methods, and personal monitors. Proper use of these technologies can contribute to the safe delivery of natural gas from the well head to the consumer.