دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی الکترومیوگرافی در اسب: فناوری مفید چیست؟ - الزویر 2018

Summary:

Equine performance research to date has focussed on cardiorespiratory and biomechanical assessment of the horse neglecting the role of muscles. This review considers electromyography (EMG) in the horse, with a specific focus on the role of surface electromyography (sEMG) as a tool to analyse muscle activity in the sports-horse. Three themes have been evaluated in the horse using EMG: muscle recruitment, muscle activity during exercise, and fatigue. Results support kinematic research and add to the knowledge base on how the horse moves. . sEMG is a relatively non-invasive technology requiring clipping which can be used effectively in the ridden horse. Understanding equine locomotion and how muscles responds during different exercises could inform and evaluate training practices used in the sports horse. However, issues exist for example individual variation, accuracy of sensor placement and preventing noise within the EMG signal. Therefore key concepts in research design, data acquisition and processing are explored to inform future studies and to enable reasoned judgements on the validity and reliability of sEMG as a tool to investigate muscle recruitment and activity, and subsequently assess performance in the horse. The high level of inter-subject variance observed in between subjects’ designs combined with differences seen between individuals may preclude reliable comparison of muscle performance between groups of horses. Therefore within subject designs are advised for future sEMG studies. A standardised approach to data collection and analysis conforming to guidance from the human SENIAM database is recommended including consideration of the inherent challenges that present in EMG research.

4.0 Conclusions

sEMG is non-invasive and can be used in the field or laboratory to assess muscle recruitment and activity but data are limited to the superficial compartment of the muscle. Indwelling EMG systems are invasive but fine-wire EMG can offer increased specificity and analyse the deep compartment of muscles, enabling defined areas to be assessed, whilst concentric needle EMG has value in the assessment of neuromuscular dysfunction. The different EMG types available represent valuable tools which can increase the knowledge and understanding of the functionality of equine muscle, however more research is required to validate the use of sEMG in the field, i.e. non-laboratory setting, before its full worth as a useful technology is revealed. Equine fine-wire and sEMG research has concentrated primarily on muscle recruitment, factors which influence activity levels and (use of EMG) to aid differential diagnosis in lameness cases, whilst needle EMG has been used to explore relevant muscle contribution to respiratory dysfunction. It appears that horses possess a distinct physiological footprint for muscle activity (amplitude) which corresponds to their individual physiological status and workload at specific moments in time. In contrast, consistent temporal patterns exist for muscle recruitment and the duration of muscle activity related to kinematic patterns. Therefore baseline data can only be reliably and validly obtained for timing-related parameters in the horse, although general trends in amplitude profiles have value when comparing between conditions within individual horses. Going forwards, EMG researchers and practitioners should carefully consider the impact of research design particularly 1) subject selection and 2) data analysis upon their interpretation of their results. A consistent approach across equine EMG research is needed to help to expand the evidence-base related to muscle function in the horse.