We contend that biocultural approaches to conservation can achieve effective and just conservation outcomes while addressing erosion of both cultural and biological diversity. Here, we propose a set of guidelines for the adoption of biocultural approaches to conservation. First, we draw lessons from work on biocultural diversity and heritage, social–ecological systems theory, integrated conservation and development, co-management, and community-based conservation to define biocultural approaches to conservation. Second, we describe eight principles that characterize such approaches. Third, we discuss reasons for adopting biocultural approaches and challenges. If used well, biocultural approaches to conservation can be a powerful tool for reducing the global loss of both biological and cultural diversity.
Transcending conservation debates
The methods and scope of biodiversity conservation have been a source of constant debate. Arguments have centered on the role of human communities, particularly ones in close proximity to areas of conservation interest, and the degree to which interests of these people should define conservation [1–4]. These debates have focused on the real or potential impacts that people have on biodiversity, the degree to which benefits and costs of conservation should be shared, across what groups should this sharing occur, and who should control the conservation process [5,6].
Concluding remarks
Overall, we contend that the benefits of biocultural approaches to conservation are significant and will outweigh the major challenges that we have noted above. What is now needed is sustained research attention to processes and specific methods for addressing these challenges, backed by long-term and forecasted funding for research and practice of biocultural approaches to conservation. The scientific community has known for decades that cultural and biological diversity are facing numerous, urgent, and inter-related challenges, but we still lack sufficient tools to address drivers of diversity loss and global homogenization. We hope that a well-documented expansion of biocultural approaches to conservation will assist in slowing these trends.
