دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی آیا شرکت های خلاق بدون کپی رایت رشد می کنند؟ ایجاد ارزش و جذب از نوآوری - الزویر 2018

Abstract

Accounts of the copyright industries in national reports suggest that strong intellectual property (IP) rights support creative firms. However, mounting evidence from sectors such as video game production and 3-D printing indicate that business models based on open IP can also be profitable. This study investigates the relationship between IP protection and value capture for creative industry firms engaged in collective/open innovation activities. A sample of 22 businesses interviewed in this study did not require exclusive ownership of creative materials but instead employed a range of strategies to compete and capture value. Benefits for some firms resemble those for participants in private-collective innovation (PCI), originally observed in open-source software development. Advantages of PCI include the ability to commercialize user improvements and a reduction in transaction costs related to seeking and obtaining permission to innovate existing ideas. Some creative firms in this study were able to generate and capture value from PCI in two directions: upstream and downstream. These dynamics offer a mechanism to understand and articulate the value of openness for creative industries policy and management of creative organizations.

Final summary

The experiences related by creative industry firms in this study offerinsight into the relationship between IP regimes and PCI. Like the maker-entrepreneurs described by Troxler and Wolf (2017), creative firms that engage PCI communities are linked to value generation activities beyond their boundaries. Previous research on PCI overlooked the importance of IP licensing environments in the success of collective projects. This study illustrates that an open IPenvironment can enable business models that rely on user co-creation. For certain PCI-engaged firms, the requirement for strict IP protection appears lower than for firms pursuing traditional product-based strategies. This is somewhat counterintuitive, because openness requires that works circulate widely beyond creators’ direct control, making them easier to copy. However, the absence ofcopyright protectionoffersopportunities for PCIby inviting audience circulation, reuse, and product enhancement. Strong copyright protection has been considered necessary for creative industries to thrive by giving firms the ability to fully control downstream uses of their IP. Copyright remains important for many traditional firms that rely on revenue from licensing or selling their products. This study has shown that some creative businesses rely on alternative mechanisms of value generation and value capture. These firms do not use public domain materials only because they are free. The ability to freely and openly use material is critical to business models in which value is generated or captured via the collective participation of users.