ترجمه مقاله نقش ضروری ارتباطات 6G با چشم انداز صنعت 4.0
- مبلغ: ۸۶,۰۰۰ تومان
ترجمه مقاله پایداری توسعه شهری، تعدیل ساختار صنعتی و کارایی کاربری زمین
- مبلغ: ۹۱,۰۰۰ تومان
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a relevant health problem, being the sixth most common cancer worldwide in terms of incidence with 626,200 new cases per year, accounting for 5.7% of all new cancer cases.1 Due to the poor prognosis of the disease, the number of deaths per year is almost the same as new cases (598,000), making HCC the third most common cause of cancer-related death.1 Prognosis and feasibility of treatments for HCC patients largely depend not only on tumor characteristics, but also on the severity of the underlying chronic liver disease that affects the majority of cases.2,3 Prognosis is relatively better for the subset of patients eligible for surgery (tumor resection or orthotopic liver transplantation) or for local ablation strategies with potentially curative aim (eg, percutaneous ethanol injection or radiofrequency ablation). Outcome is significantly worse for those patients who can be treated only with palliative locoregional treatments, such as transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), or who are affected by advanced disease. Unfortunately, curative strategies are currently limited to a minority of patients, those who present at diagnosis with small nodules, disease confined to the liver, good performance status, and well preserved liver function. The proportion of patients presenting with these characteristics is currently no more than about 30% to 40%.4 In the experience of the Cancer of the Liver Italian Program group, in a series of 650 patients diagnosed in the years 1994 to 1999, 59% of patients at diagnosis were not treatable by surgery or percutaneous ablation.5 However, the proportion of small, early tumors is expected to significantly increase in the next years, together with the diffusion of surveillance procedures of high-risk patients, allowing tumor diagnosis at an earlier stage.4