دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی تداخل باروری در حشرات - وایلی 2017

Abstract.

1. Reproductive interference occurs when members of different species engage in reproductive interactions, leading to a fitness cost to one or both actors. 2. These interactions can arise through signal interference (‘signal-jamming’), disrupted mate searching, heterospecific rivalry, mate choice errors, or misplaced courtship, mating attempts or copulation. 3. We present a definition of reproductive interference (RI) and discuss the extent to which a failure of species discrimination is central to a definition of RI. 4. The possible mechanisms of RI are reviewed, using a range of insect examples. 5. Some of the causes and consequences of RI are discussed, focusing in particular on mating systems and mating system evolution. 6. We conclude by considering future ways forward, highlighting the opportunities for new theory and tests of the old theory presented by reproductive interference.

Concluding remarks

There has been a renewed interest in reproductive interference in recent years (e.g. Burdfield-Steel & Shuker, 2011; Kyogoku, 2015 and associated papers; Otte et al., 2016; Yassin & David, 2016). The ecological consequences of RI remain to the forefront – if we exclude work in relation to speciation – but broader questions are being addressed too, and here we have focused on mating systems in particular. To conclude, we would like to make three points.

First, as argued above, since RI can arise without a failure of species discrimination as a proximate cause, we suggest a more inclusive definition of RI that does not require this failure (see Fig. 5). Second, there have been calls for more studies of RI in the field (Gröning & Hochkirch, 2008; Kyogoku, 2015), not least as field and laboratory studies may yield different results (Gröning et al., 2007). Whilst we agree that field conditions may vary considerably from the laboratory, in terms of population density, encounter rate, habitat complexity and so forth, the laboratory still has much to offer in terms of facilitating experimental studies of the causes and consequences of RI. These include both manipulating ecological factors and allowing long-term experimental evolution studies. We, therefore, suggest that both field and lab studies be combined, with the aim not just to ascertain the occurrence of RI under field-realistic conditions, but also to experimentally test hypotheses about why RI happens and how it influences ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Moreover, given the lack of generalities about reproductive interference at present, laboratory studies will continue to provide important data for synthetic and hypothesis-testing meta-analyses, as we are unlikely to be able to collect field-data as quickly as we can lab-data.