دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی در جستجوی اصول طراحی شهری انعطاف پذیر - نشریه الزویر

ABSTRACT:

The concept of resilience is probably one of the best-known new international concepts, which have gained attention since the economic crisis in 2008. Since then, this global challenge has redirected general focus at all tiers from “faith” in unstoppable progress to more desirable stabilisation and preparedness. Being the major places of globalism, cities across the World have suffered from the crisis. Therefore, they have profoundly embraced the postulates of resilience, transforming them with “urban” footprint – urban resilience. The creation of this significant concept has been in the agenda of many international organisations. However, the concept of urban resilience is still a novelty, with accompanying implementation problems. This is a very important issue in the field of urban design, a part of urbanism very much connected to concrete functioning in situ. This “implementability” of the concept of resilience in urban design is an important issue for Serbia. As a post-socialist country, it has witnessed various problems and general inconsistency. With a strong motive to cope with them, local authorities and institutions often try to directly implement foreign-arisen concepts and knowledge, without any local adaptation. The results of these forceful acts are usually questionable. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to understand how the principles of resilient urban design are tailored and how they are important for Serbian cities. Hence, general urban plans as the main development documents in Serbian cities are researched through the lenses of these principles, with expectations to check if they are ready to make urban design in relevant cities more resistant. The final contribution of the paper is foreseen in the form of guidelines to enforce urban resilience at local level.

CONCLUSION – IMPLEMENTABILITY OF RESILIENT URBAN DESIGN PRINCIPLES IN SERBIA

The findings presented above determine several recommendations to improve the implementabilty of the principles of resilient urban design in Serbia:

 Urban resilience is a new concept which is still developing. For the sake of its popularisation, it is important to create context-sensitive guidelines and handbooks. Regionally speaking, the field is in need of the special guidelines for post-socialist counties. These would be a “base layer” for the further customisation for Serbian cities.

 Best-practice examples are rarely presented. In addition, this issue is not adequately connected to the temporal dimension. It is still unclear which periods are acceptable for short- or long-term projects aiming at urban resilience. Thus, the promotion of best-practice examples should be undertaken side by side with the clarification of their targeting regional and temporal context.

 Those elements of the concept, adopted parallel with its cited widening after 2008, are still underrepresented in urban practice in Serbia. Some of them are less rounded up, such as the principle considering participation. It is more linked with the process than the outcomes and thereby more triggering for the local implementation and evaluation. Similarly, the principle which covers urban-rural link is “fuzzy” for Serbian urban planning. The main reason is that this principle refers to “transitive areas”. These areas are often close to the boundaries of urban plans or even cut by them, which prevents their overview as an entity. To sum up, the mentioned principles should be a focal point for the future scientific and institutional examination at both international and local levels.

 Given that the responsibility for resilience and security is being transferred to the public, majority of the countries request that the public take responsibility for their preparedness. There is a need to further understand urban resilience application to emergency/ disaster management contexts due to the limited research in this area. Most of the literature on emergency management focuses on influencing public preparedness as a part of community resilience. Whilst it is acknowledged that in emergency situations both emergency management agencies and the public should accept responsibility for public preparedness, the literature highlights a need to additionally define the concept of the responsibility for public preparedness, particularly from an institutional perspective.