دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی انرژی فتوولتائیک در کلمبیا: وضعیت فعلی، سیاست ها و چشم انداز های آینده - الزویر 2018

ABSTRACT

Along with the development of renewable energies in the world and the initiatives for alternative energy implementation in Colombia, it is important to make a national revision regarding the implementation and use of solar photovoltaic energy in Non-Interconnected Zones (ZNI for its abbreviation in Spanish) and the National Interconnected System (SIN for its abbreviation in Spanish). The objective of this article is to identify the development that it has had and its future panorama as far as the solar photovoltaic energy is concerned. The study presents the projects that have been executed and the ones in execution during the last decade, and the capacity that has been installed up to the present day in both SIN and ZNI (Photovoltaic Inventory). On the other hand, the document describes its social and political development at a national level, as well as legal aspects of the advantages and disadvantages of the recent Law 1715 signed in 2014. This law aims to promote the development and use of unconventional sources of energy, integrating them into the national energy system, allowing a promising future for these alternative technologies such as electricity generation from photovoltaic solar energy. Finally, the article shows the different opportunities in the ZNIs where the radiation potential reaches up to 6 kW h/m2 day and the projects do not exceed the 2.25 MW of installed capacity in Colombia, contrasted with the national average that is around 4.5 kW h/m2 day, surpassing the world average of 3.9 kW h/m2 day. Likewise, it allows seeing the opportunities that the new law offers for the development of generation projects in the SIN at a mega and gigascale, and of smaller projects that enable self-consumption and sales to the network, as well as distributed generation projects and hybrid power generation projects.

Conclusions

Due to the existing institutional policies in the country, it can be inferred that in light of the investment deficit by public entities regarding renewable energies and incentives to promote its use, there is a shortage in the execution of photovoltaic projects in the SIN. It is identified that 70% of the projects executed at the macro and micro level are owned by private entities mostly located in the Atlantic, where high radiation is present. In like manner, it is evident that the projects executed by public entities do not present a process of maintenance or monitoring over time, which affects the sustainability of these facilities. Photovoltaic development in Colombia is of 5.28 MW installed between Non-Interconnected Zones and zones belonging to the National Interconnected System, with a greater development in the Bogotá Capital District (Bogotá D.C.), considering that it is a zone of low solar radiation, but of high economic capacity. There is a low development of solar infrastructure in the educational facilities, although they should be an example of both formative and photovoltaic execution in the axis of a sustainable society. Colombia is mostly a desert region with high levels of solar radiation, this characteristic and what has been presented above confirms the deficit of photovoltaic development in the ZNI that waste the solar resource and the great territorial extension. A deficit is identified in the three elements that allow photovoltaic development in a country: politics being the first, seen from the legal framework, elimination of barriers, proposals, and incentives, among others. The research as second, seen from the efficiency energy, saving and technological development. Finally the monitoring, which allows, to maintain in real time how much project evaluating the achievements based on error and success.