دانلود رایگان مقالهسن پرینت سه بعدی و ساخت افزودن وارد کنیدی

Abstract

Until recently, most manufacturing processes have been ‘subtractive’ in that matter is removed (e.g., scraped, dissolved, turned, machined) from a substance in order to produce the desired product. 3-D printing turns traditional manufacturing on its head in thatit uses an ‘additive’ process. Similarto laser and inkjet printers, 3-D (three-dimensional) printers produce pieces by depositing, or adding, layers of material–—plastic, polymer filaments, metals, and even foodstuffs–—until the desired product is realized. This means that the creation and production of ‘one-offs’ is not only easy, it is also economically viable. 3-D printers are becoming ever more affordable, and it is not hard to envision them being as common in most homes in the near future as their two-dimensional counterparts are today. This article presents a 3-D printing primer for non-technical managers. It then considers the profound impact that 3-D printing will have on firms of all kinds as well as on individual consumers. In addition, itraisesthe substantial questionsthat 3-D printing will pose to policy makers from both intellectual property and ethical standpoints.

5. Destinations: The future of 3-D printing

Trends alone suggest that 3-D printing is going to be a very big deal. The sale of products and services worldwide is expected to grow to $3.7 billion in 2015, and by 2019, the industry is forecasted to be worth over $6 billion. In terms of hardware, prices will come down, printer features will continue to improve, and 3-D prints will become more sophisticated. At the same time, the field is moving rapidly from the printing of relatively simple 3-D objects to applications in complex fields such as food and health. 3-D printed meat promises to satisfy the human need for protein while simultaneously having a far less detrimental impact on the environment than poultry, pork, and beef production (Fox, 2012). In addition, medical professionals have used 3-D printing to create hearing aids, custom leg braces, and even a titanium jaw. In 2013, a team of researchers, engineers, and dentists created the world’s first prosthetic beak for a wounded bald eagle (Li, 2012). 3-D printing ranges from very large (e.g., the firm WinSun makes a 3-D printer large enough to print entire houses), to small (dental technicians are beginning to print tooth crowns and implants), to ultra-small. For instance, geneticist Craig Venter, of human genome fame, is working on biological structures–—such as vaccines–—that can be created in digital form, emailed to whereverthey are needed, and produced using local 3-D printing technology (Kuneinen, 2012).