دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی کارآیی بسته بندی مدیریت ضایعات در یک کشور عضو کاندیدای اتحادیه اروپا - الزویر 2018

ABSTRACT

Construction and demolition waste constitutes a large fraction of all the waste generated in Europe. Its specific impact can be considered rather low, but the large generated volume and embodied resource makes this waste stream an important focus of current European policies. The European Commission has proposed new targets and goals for this waste stream in the Circular Economy package, but, given the rather heterogeneous landscape of waste management practice across Member States, new approaches that take into account the entire value chain of the construction sector are urgently required. This paper synthesises core principles and linked best practices for the management of construction and demolition waste across the entire construction value chain. Systematic implementation of these best practices could dramatically improve resource efficiency and reduce environmental impact by: reducing waste generation, minimising transport impacts, maximising re-use and recycling by improving the quality of secondary materials and optimising the environmental performance of treatment methods.

4. Final remarks

Observations made during the exercise showed clearly an obvious heterogeneity among European Member States, especially in two areas: treatment of waste and development of markets for secondary materials. It is obvious that the technology and the potential for high performing waste management systems is already in the market and available to those regions, municipalities, waste authorities or waste contractors willing to improve their performance. However, the construction sector shows a traditional behaviour, which heavily relies on standards, while being completely economically driven. In addition, the high variety of actors involved in the CDW value chain creates a complex mesh of responsibilities, with very different decision-making chains across European Member States. Of course, the low impact of any waste-related decisions on construction project budgets does not encourage improvement beyond current standard practices. Therefore, most of the observed efforts focus on the creation of drivers addressing the whole landscape of construction stakeholders across the construction value chain. Systematic documentation of current best practices observed across Europe provides an evidence base to develop policies and management strategies that deliver circular economy solutions to the construction sector.