INTRODUCTION
Head trauma is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in small animals. In dogs with severe blunt trauma, head trauma occurs in approximately 25% and is associated with increased mortality.1 Reported mortality rates in dogs with head trauma range from 18% to 24%.1,2 Approximately 50% of dogs and cats present with head trauma owing to motor vehicle accidents and crush injuries, respectively. Other causes include falls from height, bite wounds, gunshots, and other accidental or intentional human-inflicted trauma. Head trauma may lead to traumatic brain injury (TBI), defined as a structural or physiologic disruption of the brain by an external force. Rapid recognition and response is required to ensure the best outcome. Dogs and cats compensate remarkably well to losses in cerebral tissue.3 Although the initial appearance of a head traumatized patient may be discouraging, even patients with severe neurologic deficits can recover with appropriate care. This article reviews the pathophysiology of head trauma, patient assessment and diagnostics, and treatment recommendations.
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure should be monitored to ensure a minimum systolic blood pressure of 100 mm Hg to promote cerebral perfusion. Blood pressure should also be monitored if the patient becomes bradycardic to determine if the patient is experiencing a Cushing’s reflex.
