Recalling positive memories is a powerful and effective way to improve mood. However, unlike neverdepressed individuals, those with current or past depression do not benefit emotionally from positive memory recall. To examine whether rumination is involved in this difficulty, 80 participants (26 currently depressed, 29 recovered depressed, and 25 never depressed) were instructed to recall a positive selfdefining memory while in a sad mood. They were then instructed to think about their memory, adopting either an abstract or concrete processing mode. Never-depressed and recovered depressed participants experienced improved mood after memory recall, regardless of processing mode. However, for depressed individuals neither an abstract nor a concrete processing mode produced emotional benefit. These findings suggest that a complex relationship exists among processing mode, memory type, and depressive status, and indicate that the way in which individuals process positive emotional material may have important consequences for treatment.
There is evidence that depressed and formerly depressed individuals are impaired in their ability to regulate emotion and recover from experiences of sad mood compared to healthy individuals (e.g., Campbell-Sills, Barlow, Brown, & Hofmann, 2006). According to a dominant cognitive model of depression, Teasdale’s Differential Activation Hypothesis (DAH; Teasdale, 1988), the ability to recover adaptively from sad mood is critical in determining whether sad mood will remain benign and transient, or whether it will escalate into a depressive episode. Therefore, intervening at the temporal point of mild dysphoria is critical if clinical interventions are to reduce the likelihood that sad mood will develop into a depressive episode. There is now empirical evidence suggesting that difficulty in regulating emotion has implications for the course of depressive illness. For example, the use of maladaptive responses to sad mood has been found to not only distinguish depressed and recovered depressed individuals from their never-depressed counterparts, but also predicts the recurrence of depressive episodes over a 1-year follow-up period (Kovacs, Rottenberg, & George, 2009). This prospective evidence indicates that a maladaptive response to sad mood in depressed and recovered depressed individuals is likely to be an independent risk factor for recurrence. Therefore, if depression is to be more effectively treated and even prevented in some cases, research into specific ways of responding to sad mood that facilitate recovery is needed. The current study addressed this need by investigating the affective consequences that follow the recall of positive self-defining autobiographical memories.
DISCUSSION
We investigated the utility of a brief processing mode manipulation to improve mood after positive memory recall. As predicted, never-depressed individuals experienced improved mood following the recall of a positive self-defining memory, irrespective of whether an abstract or concrete processing mode was induced. On the basis of previous research (e.g., Werner-Seidler & Moulds, 2012), we expected that concrete processing would improve mood in both clinical groups, while an abstract processing mode was predicted to maintain low mood. The results did not support these hypotheses; rather, mood improved for recovered, but not depressed participants, irrespective of processing mode condition.