دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی حافظه بررسی شده با تحریک مغز الکتریکی: بررسی 80 ساله پدیده های تجربی - الزویر 2017

ABSTRACT

Electrical Brain Stimulations (EBS) sometimes induce reminiscences, but it is largely unknown what type of memories they can trigger. We reviewed 80 years of literature on reminiscences induced by EBS and added our own database. We classified them according to modern conceptions of memory. We observed a surprisingly large variety of reminiscences covering all aspects of declarative memory. However, most were poorly detailed and only a few were episodic. This result does not support theories of a highly stable and detailed memory, as initially postulated, and still widely believed as true by the general public. Moreover, memory networks could only be activated by some of their nodes: 94.1% of EBS were temporal, although the parietal and frontal lobes, also involved in memory networks, were stimulated. The qualitative nature of memories largely depended on the site of stimulation: EBS to rhinal cortex mostly induced personal semantic reminiscences, while only hippocampal EBS induced episodic memories. This result supports the view that EBS can activate memory in predictable ways in humans.

CONCLUSION

EBS can induce different types of memories, including familiarity, semantic, autobiographical semantic and episodic memories. This variety may have been underappreciated and suggests that studies of the reminiscences induced by EBS should take this into account. Results from this study show that the type of reminiscence induced appear broadly consistent with current anatomo-functionnal models of declarative memory. However, the different types of reminiscence are not equally induced, the majority of them being autobiographical semantic, while autobiographical episodic memories appear to be relatively rare, in contrast to Penfield’s tape-recorder hypothesis. The low prevalence of EBS inducing reminiscences suggests that a very particular combination of yet poorly understood factors is required. Future work should aim at improving our understanding of these factors.