دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی خاک شهری و سلامت انسان: یک بررسی - وایلی 2018

Summary

Rapid industrialization and urbanization during recent decades are having dramatic effects on urban soil properties and lead to large discharges of pollutants, which inevitably affect the health of the soil, ecosystems and human populations. This paper provides a systematic review of the relations between urban soil and human health. First, it summarizes the organic and inorganic pollutants in urban soil and their potential risks to human health. Second, the relations between urban greenbelt land, soil microbial diversity and human health are also explored. Third, we propose that future research should focus on the integration of assessments of health risks with exposure pathways and site characteristics. Bioavailability-based risk assessment frameworks for pollutants in urban soil can elucidate the complicated relations between urban soil, pollutant exposure and human health in cities. Finally, management of urban soil and policy should be strengthened in the future to maintain its sustainable development and utilization. More effort should be directed to understanding the relations between soil microbial diversity, green space and human health in cities.

Conclusion

Urban soils are a vital component of the urban ecosystem and are closely related to human health. The problems identified with urban soils are traditional organic and inorganic pollutants and ARGs. Relations between pollutants, ARGs and human health have been well established, but there remains much to do. Previous studies on pollutants in urban soils focused on their distribution, bioavailability evaluation and health risks, which indicated that inhalation, dermal contact and ingestion of soil and food grown in urban soil are the main exposure routes of pollutants. However, human beings are seldom exposed to a single pollutant in urban soils, but more often to multiple chemicals simultaneously. Integrating bioavailability pollutants in urban soils and multi-chemical exposure into the framework of health risk assessment can improve our understanding of their holistic risks. The health effects of long-term low-dose exposure to pollutants through urban soil directly or indirectly are not well known. Therefore, epidemiological studies should be carried out to elucidate the long-term dose exposure of pollutants in urban soils. In addition to traditional chemical pollutants, future studies should also consider emerging contaminants, such as ARGs, and the relations between urban green spaces and human health, although some indirect effects have been observed. Effective urban soil management and policy should also be established to ensure human health in the context of global rapid urbanization.