دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی حاشیه نشینی و نقش تهاجمی معماران در پروژه های ساختمانی - الزویر 2018

Abstract

The design and construction of houses normally require an architect's input. However, architects are increasingly being marginalized in these projects, and their roles are constantly being invaded by others. Despite repeated institutional interventions toward remedying this phenomenon, signs are not abating. This article examines the complexity of this phenomenon to explain the inadequacy of institutional interventions to address the problem. This article conceptualizes the phenomenon of marginalization and role invasion as a super wicked problem with six key features. First, the problem has a difficult definition. Second, the solution involves a large structural and economic burden. Third, time is of the essence. Fourth, multiple stakeholders attempting to solve the problem are part of the cause. Fifth, institutional interventions addressing the issue are weak or ill-equipped. Sixth, institutional interventions discount the future irrationally. The implications of this conceptualization for institutional intervention and research are discussed.

6. Conclusions and implications for research and practice

This study attempted to explore the complexity of the phenomenon of marginalization and invasion of architects’ roles in house projects and to explain why institutional interventions are not adequately addressing the problem. Through in-depth examination of the literature guided by a conceptual framework, the phenomenon of marginalization and role invasion is deemed a super wicked problem. This conceptualization shows that the combined effect of the six propositions in our conceptual framework (the phenomenon is a problem with a difficult definition, the multiple stakeholders attempting to solve the problem are part of the cause, finding a solution involves a large structural and economic burden, time is of the essence, institutional interventions toward addressing the problem are weak or ill-equipped, and institutional interventions discount the future irrationally) account for the inability of architects to solve the problem of marginalization and role invasion. Although architects, at the professional institutional level, recognize the need to act on marginalization and role invasion, they are sometimes reluctant to act. In cases in which they have acted, their motives, coupled with the complex nature of the problem, have rendered their interventions counterproductive. Consequently, these actions have exacerbated the problem of marginalization and role invasion.

The value of framing the phenomenon of marginalization and role invasion as a super wicked problem is seen in at least four distinct ways. As opposed to the dominant focus on the sources of marginalization outside the profession, our framework shifts the analytic lens to how architects at the institutional level are contributing to marginalization and role invasion. This shift in focus has revealed that for the greater part, architects’ institutions have inadvertently worked against the interests of the profession.